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16 december 2021
Transhumanism: Beyond the Human Frontier?
Transhumanism is a global scientific and philosophical movement whose followers seek to achieve a radical enhancement of humanity’s physical and intellectual capacities and strive to significantly improve the average human life expectancy, paving the way for us to one day attain immortality.
The term Transhumanism in its contemporary sense was coined and popularized by British biologist and philosopher Julian Huxley in his book of essays New Bottles for New Wine. Huxley wrote:
‘‘The human species can, if it wishes, transcend itself – not just sporadically, an individual here in one way, an individual there in another way, but in its entirety, as humanity. We need a name for this new belief. Perhaps transhumanism will serve: man remaining man, but transcending himself, by realizing new possibilities of and for his human nature.’’ (Julian Huxley, New Bottles for New Wine, 1957).
Following the arrival of ultramodern inventions such as nanotechnology, genetic engineering, artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Bodies (IoB), and many others, 21st-century transhumanists are now in a position to begin altering human nature itself. In the words of philosopher Nick Bostrom, founding director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, originator of such theories as The Simulation Argument and Intelligence Explosion, and one of the most vocal proponents of transhumanism, “Transhumanists view human nature as a work-in-progress, a half-baked beginning that we can learn to remold in desirable ways. Current humanity need not be the endpoint of evolution. Transhumanists hope that by responsible use of science, technology, and other rational means we shall eventually manage to become post-human, beings with vastly greater capacities than present human beings have.” (Nick Bostrom, Human Genetic Enhancement: A Transhumanist Perspective, 2003)
Today the world of the future – populated by radically enhanced humans and run by greater-than-human artificial intelligence – has ceased to be the stuff of science fiction. Scientists are seriously discussing such prospects of human development as brain-computer integration, memory transfer, and mind uploading. Philosophers and anthropologists warn about the risks likely to arise in the wake of deploying such technology, ranging from wide-ranging control over human behavior to complete manipulation of people’s thoughts and wishes and the disappearance of traditional human values.
Together with our guest experts, we will try to identify the latest technology that has either already become a reality or is currently in development, focusing on the ethical aspects of the consequences that ensue. We will reflect on the question of whether the realization of transhumanist ideas is likely to entail a radical change in the ways people relate to one another. How far are we prepared to go in changing our bodies in order to attain these enhanced capacities? We will attempt to identify the “human frontier”, beyond which the era of posthumanism awaits.
One of the featured presenters is British thinker and literary historian Timothy Morton, widely known for his concepts of the Anthropocene Crisis, the “more-than-human world”, and the end of the world as we know it. ‘‘’We’re being born now’ — standing on the precipice not of becoming post-human but becoming truly human for the first time”.
(Laura Hudson. At the End of the World, It’s Hyperobjects All the Way Down // WIRED, 2021).
The term Transhumanism in its contemporary sense was coined and popularized by British biologist and philosopher Julian Huxley in his book of essays New Bottles for New Wine. Huxley wrote:
‘‘The human species can, if it wishes, transcend itself – not just sporadically, an individual here in one way, an individual there in another way, but in its entirety, as humanity. We need a name for this new belief. Perhaps transhumanism will serve: man remaining man, but transcending himself, by realizing new possibilities of and for his human nature.’’ (Julian Huxley, New Bottles for New Wine, 1957).
Following the arrival of ultramodern inventions such as nanotechnology, genetic engineering, artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Bodies (IoB), and many others, 21st-century transhumanists are now in a position to begin altering human nature itself. In the words of philosopher Nick Bostrom, founding director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, originator of such theories as The Simulation Argument and Intelligence Explosion, and one of the most vocal proponents of transhumanism, “Transhumanists view human nature as a work-in-progress, a half-baked beginning that we can learn to remold in desirable ways. Current humanity need not be the endpoint of evolution. Transhumanists hope that by responsible use of science, technology, and other rational means we shall eventually manage to become post-human, beings with vastly greater capacities than present human beings have.” (Nick Bostrom, Human Genetic Enhancement: A Transhumanist Perspective, 2003)
Today the world of the future – populated by radically enhanced humans and run by greater-than-human artificial intelligence – has ceased to be the stuff of science fiction. Scientists are seriously discussing such prospects of human development as brain-computer integration, memory transfer, and mind uploading. Philosophers and anthropologists warn about the risks likely to arise in the wake of deploying such technology, ranging from wide-ranging control over human behavior to complete manipulation of people’s thoughts and wishes and the disappearance of traditional human values.
Together with our guest experts, we will try to identify the latest technology that has either already become a reality or is currently in development, focusing on the ethical aspects of the consequences that ensue. We will reflect on the question of whether the realization of transhumanist ideas is likely to entail a radical change in the ways people relate to one another. How far are we prepared to go in changing our bodies in order to attain these enhanced capacities? We will attempt to identify the “human frontier”, beyond which the era of posthumanism awaits.
One of the featured presenters is British thinker and literary historian Timothy Morton, widely known for his concepts of the Anthropocene Crisis, the “more-than-human world”, and the end of the world as we know it. ‘‘’We’re being born now’ — standing on the precipice not of becoming post-human but becoming truly human for the first time”.
(Laura Hudson. At the End of the World, It’s Hyperobjects All the Way Down // WIRED, 2021).
16 December 2021, 8 p.m. UTC+3
The event is part of the international UK–Russia Creative Bridge programme 2021–2022 supported by the Cultural and Education Section of the British Embassy in Moscow
speakers
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James “J.” Hughes Ph.D. is a bioethicist and sociologist who serves as the Associate Provost for the University of Massachusetts Boston (UMB), and as Senior Research Fellow at UMB's Center for Applied Ethics. He holds a doctorate in Sociology from the University of Chicago where he taught bioethics at the MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics. Since then Dr. Hughes has taught health policy, bioethics, medical sociology and research methods at Northwestern University, the University of Connecticut, and Trinity College. Dr. Hughes is author of Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future (2004) and is co-editor of Surviving the Machine Age: Intelligent Technology and the Transformation of Human Work (2017). In 2005 Dr. Hughes co-founded the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET) with Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom, and since then has served as its Executive Director. Dr. Hughes serves as Associate Editor of the Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies, and as co-founder of the Journal of Posthuman Studies. Dr. Hughes speaks on medical ethics, health care policy and future studies worldwide.
Timothy Morton is Rita Shea Guffey Chair in English at Rice University. They have collaborated with Laurie Anderson, Björk, Jennifer Walshe, Hrafnhildur Arnadottir, Sabrina Scott, Adam McKay, Jeff Bridges, Olafur Eliasson, Pharrell Williams and Justin Guariglia. Morton co-wrote and appears in Living in the Future’s Past, a 2018 film about global warming with Jeff Bridges. They are the author of the libretto for the opera Time Time Time by Jennifer Walshe.
Morton has written Hyposubjects: On Becoming Human (London: Open Humanities Press, 2021), All Art is Ecological (London: Penguin, 2021), Spacecraft (London: Bloomsbury, 2021), Being Ecologocal (London: Penguin, 2018), Humankind: Solidarity with Non-Human People (London: Verso Books, 2017), Dark Ecology: For a Logic of Future Coexistence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016), Nothing: Three Inquiries in Buddhism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013), Realist Magic: Objects, Ontology, Causality (London: Open Humanities, 2013), The Ecological Thought (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010), Ecology Without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007), eight other books and 270 essays on philosophy, ecology, literature, music, art, architecture, design and food. Morton’s work has been translated into eleven languages. In 2014 they gave the Wellek Lectures in Critical Theory.
Morton has written Hyposubjects: On Becoming Human (London: Open Humanities Press, 2021), All Art is Ecological (London: Penguin, 2021), Spacecraft (London: Bloomsbury, 2021), Being Ecologocal (London: Penguin, 2018), Humankind: Solidarity with Non-Human People (London: Verso Books, 2017), Dark Ecology: For a Logic of Future Coexistence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016), Nothing: Three Inquiries in Buddhism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013), Realist Magic: Objects, Ontology, Causality (London: Open Humanities, 2013), The Ecological Thought (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010), Ecology Without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007), eight other books and 270 essays on philosophy, ecology, literature, music, art, architecture, design and food. Morton’s work has been translated into eleven languages. In 2014 they gave the Wellek Lectures in Critical Theory.
Most of Professor Eric Schwitzgebel research explores connections between empirical psychology and philosophy of mind, especially the nature of belief, the inaccuracy of our judgments about our stream of conscious experience, and the tenuous relationship between philosophical ethics and actual moral behavior. His most recent book is A Theory of Jerks and Other Philosophical Misadventures (2019). He also works on classical Chinese philosophy and philosophical science fiction.
His other recent books include Perplexities of Consciousness, MIT Press (2011) and Describing Inner Experience? Proponent Meets Skeptic, with Russell T. Hurlburt, MIT Press (2007). He blogs at The Splintered Mind — reflections on philosophy of psychology, broadly construed.
His other recent books include Perplexities of Consciousness, MIT Press (2011) and Describing Inner Experience? Proponent Meets Skeptic, with Russell T. Hurlburt, MIT Press (2007). He blogs at The Splintered Mind — reflections on philosophy of psychology, broadly construed.
Event moderated by Anna Kirikova, Director of International Projects, Manege.
Creator and programme director of NEW NOW programme.
Creator and programme director of NEW NOW programme.
Publication
Huxley J. Transhumanism // New Bottle for New Wine, 1957
Publication
Ray Kurzweil. The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. New York: Penguin Books, 2006
Publication
Donna Haraway. A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century // Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. Abingdon: Routledge, 1990.
Publication
Donna Haraway. Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin // Environmental Humanities, 2015
Publication
Timothy Morton. Humankind: Solidarity with Non-Human People. London: Verso Books, 2017
Publication
Timothy Morton, Dominic Boyer. hyposubjects: on becoming human. London: Open Humanity Press, 2021
Podcast
Timothy Morton. GUEST, GHOST, HOST: MACHINE! // Serpentine Galleries, 2017
Publication
Nick Bostrom. Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016
Publication
Laura Hudson. At the End of the World, It’s Hyperobjects All the Way Down // WIRED, 2021
Publication
Talk with Susan B, Levin: The Debate Over Transhumanism // Grécourt Gate, 2021
Publication
Nick Bostrom. The future of humanity as an inescapable topic // New Waves in Philosophy of Technology. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2009
Publication
James J. Hughes. Democratic Transhumanism 2.0, 2002
Video
Eric Schwitzgebel, Maris Garza. The Right of Artificial Intelligence // The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence at NYU, 2020
Publication
Eric Schwitzgebel. Kant Meets Cyberpunk // Disputatio, 2019
Huxley J. Transhumanism // New Bottle for New Wine, 1957
Publication
Ray Kurzweil. The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. New York: Penguin Books, 2006
Publication
Donna Haraway. A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century // Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. Abingdon: Routledge, 1990.
Publication
Donna Haraway. Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin // Environmental Humanities, 2015
Publication
Timothy Morton. Humankind: Solidarity with Non-Human People. London: Verso Books, 2017
Publication
Timothy Morton, Dominic Boyer. hyposubjects: on becoming human. London: Open Humanity Press, 2021
Podcast
Timothy Morton. GUEST, GHOST, HOST: MACHINE! // Serpentine Galleries, 2017
Publication
Nick Bostrom. Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016
Publication
Laura Hudson. At the End of the World, It’s Hyperobjects All the Way Down // WIRED, 2021
Publication
Talk with Susan B, Levin: The Debate Over Transhumanism // Grécourt Gate, 2021
Publication
Nick Bostrom. The future of humanity as an inescapable topic // New Waves in Philosophy of Technology. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2009
Publication
James J. Hughes. Democratic Transhumanism 2.0, 2002
Video
Eric Schwitzgebel, Maris Garza. The Right of Artificial Intelligence // The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence at NYU, 2020
Publication
Eric Schwitzgebel. Kant Meets Cyberpunk // Disputatio, 2019
Publication
Nick Bostrom. Why I Want to be a Posthuman When I Grow Up // Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity. New York: Springer, 2008
Publication
Nick Bostrom. Transhumanist Values // Ethical Issues for the 21st Century, 2003
Publication
Nick Bostrom. The Transhumanist FAQ, 2003
Publication
Eric Drexler. Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. New York: Anchor, 1987
Video
David J. Chalmers. Transhuman Brains? // Closer to Truth
Publication
David J. Chalmers. Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problems of Philosophy. London: Penguin, 2022
Publication
Bernard Marr. What Is The Internet Of Bodies? And How Is It Changing Our World? // Forbes, 2019
Publication
Nancy Katherine Hayles. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1999
Podcast
Dawn of the Transhuman Era w/ Prof. Steve Fuller // FUTURES Podcast, 2020
Foundation website
Humanity+
Publication
Mark O’Connell. To Be a Machine. London: Granta Publications, 2017
Publication
Surviving the Machine Age. Intelligent Technology and the Transformation of Human Work / Eds. by James J. Hughes, Kevin LaGrandeur. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017
Video
James Hughes w/ Prof. Steve Fuller. Transhuman Politics // Virtual Futures, 2018
Publication
Interview with Eric Schwitzgebel: On Crazyism, Jerkitude, Garden Snails and Other Philosophical Puzzles // Scientific American, 2020
Nick Bostrom. Why I Want to be a Posthuman When I Grow Up // Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity. New York: Springer, 2008
Publication
Nick Bostrom. Transhumanist Values // Ethical Issues for the 21st Century, 2003
Publication
Nick Bostrom. The Transhumanist FAQ, 2003
Publication
Eric Drexler. Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. New York: Anchor, 1987
Video
David J. Chalmers. Transhuman Brains? // Closer to Truth
Publication
David J. Chalmers. Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problems of Philosophy. London: Penguin, 2022
Publication
Bernard Marr. What Is The Internet Of Bodies? And How Is It Changing Our World? // Forbes, 2019
Publication
Nancy Katherine Hayles. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1999
Podcast
Dawn of the Transhuman Era w/ Prof. Steve Fuller // FUTURES Podcast, 2020
Foundation website
Humanity+
Publication
Mark O’Connell. To Be a Machine. London: Granta Publications, 2017
Publication
Surviving the Machine Age. Intelligent Technology and the Transformation of Human Work / Eds. by James J. Hughes, Kevin LaGrandeur. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017
Video
James Hughes w/ Prof. Steve Fuller. Transhuman Politics // Virtual Futures, 2018
Publication
Interview with Eric Schwitzgebel: On Crazyism, Jerkitude, Garden Snails and Other Philosophical Puzzles // Scientific American, 2020
Publication
Robert C. W. Ettinger. The Prospect of Immortality. New York: Doubleday, 1964
Publication
Francis Fukuyama. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002.
Publication
James Hughes. Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. New York: Basic Book, 2004
Video
Ed Boyden, Mark O’Connell, Marcelo Gleiser. Cyborgs, Futurists, & Transhumanism: A Conversation // Museum of Science, Boston, 2018
Video
Transhumanism: Searching for the Spirit in the Machine // MLTalks, 2017
Podcast
Humanity’s Uncertain Future w/ Thomas Moynihan // FUTURES Podcast, 2021
Publication
Toby Ord. The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity. New York: Hachette Books, 2020
Publication
Mark O’Connell. Five books to understand transhumanism // The Guardian, 2018
Publication
Walter Isaacson. The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2021
Podcast
Walter Isaacson. CRISPR Scientist's Biography Explores Ethics Of Rewriting The Code Of Life // NPR, 2021
Video
Walter Isaacson. CRISPR: The future or undoing of humanity? // Big Think, 2021
Publication
Eric Schwitzgebel. A Theory of Jerks and Other Philosophical Misadventures. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2019
Robert C. W. Ettinger. The Prospect of Immortality. New York: Doubleday, 1964
Publication
Francis Fukuyama. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002.
Publication
James Hughes. Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. New York: Basic Book, 2004
Video
Ed Boyden, Mark O’Connell, Marcelo Gleiser. Cyborgs, Futurists, & Transhumanism: A Conversation // Museum of Science, Boston, 2018
Video
Transhumanism: Searching for the Spirit in the Machine // MLTalks, 2017
Podcast
Humanity’s Uncertain Future w/ Thomas Moynihan // FUTURES Podcast, 2021
Publication
Toby Ord. The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity. New York: Hachette Books, 2020
Publication
Mark O’Connell. Five books to understand transhumanism // The Guardian, 2018
Publication
Walter Isaacson. The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2021
Podcast
Walter Isaacson. CRISPR Scientist's Biography Explores Ethics Of Rewriting The Code Of Life // NPR, 2021
Video
Walter Isaacson. CRISPR: The future or undoing of humanity? // Big Think, 2021
Publication
Eric Schwitzgebel. A Theory of Jerks and Other Philosophical Misadventures. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2019
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